I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy e-Bengal (PRA-B)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Genetic Test Database Yezinja, Amakati Namahhashi
Dlulisa amehlo kusizindalwazi sethu sokuhlolwa kwe-DNA yezilwane
Hlola isizindalwazi sethu sokuhlolwa kwe-DNA yezilwane ehlanganisa izivivinyo zofuzo zezinja, amakati namahhashi. Ikhasi ngalinye lokuhlola linikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nofuzo oluhlobene, ukuguqulwa, iphethini yefa kanye nokufaneleka komtholampilo lapho kutholakala. Lesi sizindalwazi siklanyelwe ukusekela abafuyi, odokotela bezilwane, izindawo zokucwaninga kanye nabanikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo abafuna ulwazi oluthembekile mayelana nezifo ezitholakala ngofuzo, izimpawu zombala wamajazi nezinye izici zofuzo. Sebenzisa izihlungi zezinhlobo ezingezansi noma sesha ngokuqondile ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ethile.
Dlulisa amehlo kusizindalwazi sethu esikhulayo sokuhlolwa kwe-DNA yezilwane okuhlanganisa izifo ezitholwa ngofuzo, izimpawu zombala wamajazi nezinye izici zofuzo kuzo zonke izinja, amakati namahhashi.
Ongakuthola kulesi sizindalwazi:
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA okuhlobene nezifo ezitholakala ngofuzo ezilwaneni
- Omaka bofuzo abahlobene nombala wejazi nezici zomzimba
- Izinhlobonhlobo ezithinta impilo, ibhayoloji noma ukuzwela kwezidakamizwa
Each entry in the database describes a specific genetic test, variant or marker identified in dogs, cats or horses. The information may include the associated gene, the mutation or variant involved, inheritance pattern and a short explanation of the biological or clinical relevance of the test.
Ufuna ukwenza i-DNA test? Phequlula futhi oda izivivinyo ezitholakalayo ngqo kithi isitolo sokuhlola izakhi zofuzo esiku-inthanethi.
Phequlula ngezinhlobo
Finyelela ezigabeni zezinhlobo eziyinhloko ngokuqondile ukuze uhlole amaqoqo azinikele okuhlolwa kofuzo lwezilwane.
Zonke I-DNA Tests
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy in German Spitz (PRA-GS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy ku-Giant Schnauzer (PRA-NECAP1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-retinal atrophy eqhubekayo ku-Labrador Retrievers (PRA GTPBP2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy ku-Lapponian Herder (PRA-LH)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy In Miniature Schnauzer (PRA-MS1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy In Papillon (PRA pap1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Persian (PRA-P)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy E-Shetland Sheepdog (PRA-CNGA1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-retinal atrophy eqhubekayo e-Shih-Tzu (PRA ST)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Retinal Atrophy Eqhubekayo Enja Yamanzi Yase-Spanish (PRA-PDE6B)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy Rcd1 (rcd1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy Rcd1a (rcd1a)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy Rcd3 (rcd3)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy, I-Cone-Rod Dystrophy 1 (PRA cord1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy, I-Cone-Rod Dystrophy 3 (PRA cord3)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Retinal Atrophy, I-Cone-Rod Dystrophy 4 (PRA cord4)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (PRA prcd)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase Deficiency (PDP1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuntuleka kwe-Pyruvate Kinase e-Basenji (PKDef-Ba)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuntuleka kwe-Pyruvate Kinase ku-Beagle (PKDef-Be)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuntuleka kwe-Pyruvate Kinase Ku-Labrador Retriever (PKDef-LR)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuntuleka kwe-Pyruvate Kinase ku-Pug (PKDef-P)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency In Terrier Variant 1 (PKDef-T1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Of Erythrocyte (PKDef)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Okumnyama Okudlulele (a)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Okumnyama Okudlulele (Agouti)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Recessive Hypotrichosis In American Hairless Terrier (RH-AHT)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Okuphuzi Okudlulele (Ky) (Ky)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Isifo Sephaphu Esivamile Esivuvukalayo (RIPD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Okubomvu Noma Okuphuzi (e1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Renal Cystadenocarcinoma And Nodular Fibrosis (RCND)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Retinal Dysplasia (RD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Russet (Russet)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Sabino 1 (Sabino1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Sable (eH)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Saluki Encephalopathy (SE)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Screw Tail (ST)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Izifo Eziqinile Ezihlanganisiwe Zokungakwazi Ukuzivikela Ezinjeni Enja Yamanzi YaseFrisian (SCID-FWD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease in Terrier (SCID-T)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Izifo Eziqinile Ezihlanganisiwe Zokungakwazi Ukuzivikela Ezifweni E-Welsh Corgi (SCID-WC)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Shaking Puppy Syndrome (SPS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Shar-Pei Fever Variant 2 (SPAID2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuchithwa (SD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Siamese Colourpoint (cs)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Isiliva (Isiliva)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Skeletal Dysplasia 2 ku-Labrador Retriever (SD2-LR)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Skeletal Dysplasia 3 (SD3)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Snowdrop (Iqhwa)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Speed (Myostatin)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Spinocerebellar Ataxia In Alpine Dachsbracke (SCA-AD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Spinocerebellar Ataxia In Terrier (SCA-T)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Splashed White SW1 (SW1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Splashed White SW11a (SW 11a)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Splashed White SW2 (SW2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Splashed White SW3 (SW3)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Splashed White SW4 (SW4)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Spondylocostal Dysostosis (SDO)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuwohloka kwe-Spongy With Cerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SDCA1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Ukuwohloka kwe-Spongy With Cerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SDCA2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Stargardt Disease (STGD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Startle Disease In Miniature American Shepherd (SD-MAS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Starle Disease nge-Spanish Greyhound (SD-SG)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Subacute Necrotising Encephalopathy (SNE)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Sunshine Golden (Golden)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombasthenia ePeruvian Paso (Thromb-PP)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombocytopenia In King Charles Spaniel (MTC-KCS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombocytopenia In Terrier (MTC-T)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombopathia In American Eskimo Dog (T-AED)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombopathia In Basset Hound (T-BH)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Thrombopathia eNewfoundland (T-N)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Tabby Variant 1 eqokiwe (Ta-t1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Tabby Variant 2 eqokiwe (Ta-t2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 1 (UCMD1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 2 (UCMD2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Upper Airway Syndrome (UAS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Van Den Ende-Gupta Syndrome (VDEGS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Ventricular Arrhythmias kanye Nokufa Okungazelelwe (VASD)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Vitamin D-Deficiency Rickets Uhlobo I ku-Siamese (VDDRI-IS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Vitamin D-Deficiency Rickets Type Ia (VDDRIA)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Vitamin D-Deficiency Rickets Type Ii (VDDRII)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease I (vWDI)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease Ii Variant 1 (vWDII-1)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease Ii Variant 2 (vWDII-2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease Iii e-Kooikerhondje (vWDIII-K)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease Iii ku-Scottish Terrier (vWDIII-ST)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Von Willebrand Disease Iii e-Shetland Sheepdog (vWDIII-SS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Warmblood Foal Fragility Syndrom (WFFS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 Variant 2 (XLPRA1-2)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Xanthinuria Type Ii In Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (XanthII-CKCS)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
I-Xanthinuria Type Ii In Dachshund (XanthII-D)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Uhlobo lwe-Xanthinuria Ii eManchester Terrier (XanthII-MT)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Bengal cats is a genetic condition that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. A DNA test can identify carriers and affected cats by…
Mayelana nalesi sizindalwazi sokuhlolwa kofuzo
Le ngobo yomlando ihlanganisa ndawonye ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA yezilwane okuhlanganisa ukuphazamiseka okuzuzwe njengefa, ukuhlukahluka kombala wamajazi nezinye izici zofuzo ezikhonjwe kumngane wezilwane namahhashi. Ukuhlolwa ngakunye kuxhuma ekhasini elizinikele lapho ulwazi olutholakalayo lungase luhlanganise isakhi sofuzo esihlobene, okuhlukile noma ukuguqulwa okuhilelekile, iphethini yefa kanye nesifinyezo sesici noma isimo esihlobene.
Ukuze uthole ukuphequlula okugxile kakhulu, ungahlola amakhasi ethu ezinhlobo ezizinikele ngezansi.
Sebenzisa leli khasi njengesiqalo ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ngakunye, bese uqhubeka nokuphequlula ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuze uthole umbono ogxile kakhulu.